INTRODUCTION:

Herbal cosmetics are widely used today and offer immense potential^1,2. The bioactive ingredients they contain can positively impact the biological functions of the skin and hair^3,4. Herbal cosmetics are created by combining approved cosmetic ingredients with natural herbal components^5,6,7,8. They serve a variety of purposes, from enhancing beauty to addressing specific skin conditions.

These products are highly effective in reducing skin pigmentation, wrinkles, signs of aging, and more^9,10

Figure: 1 Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD) has recently drawn significant interest across various fields, particularly in health and wellness. CBD is extracted from the Cannabis sativa plant. It is phytocannabinoids, notable for its non-psychoactive nature that differentiates it from tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Regulatory changes have facilitated broader research and applications of CBD, especially in cosmetics and skincare industries¹¹.

Cannabinoids (Figure 1), a class of active compounds found primarily in Cannabis sativa, have become a key focus in both medical and cosmetic research due to their therapeutic potential. Among these, CBD has emerged as a prominent non-psychoactive cannabinoid with extensive applications, particularly in skincare. As research advances, understanding CBD’s benefits has highlighted the crucial role of endocannabinoid system (ECS) due to its effectiveness. It is a complex signaling network that supports physiological balance, with components distributed throughout the body, including the skin. Exploring how cannabinoids like CBD interact with the ECS is vital to understanding their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties^12,13.

The ECS comprises three main mechanisms: endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors (Table 1), and enzymes. Endocannabinoids, constitutes anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), act as natural signaling molecules produced by the body¹⁴. Cannabinoid receptors, explicitly CB1 and CB2, regulate the activity of the ECS; CB1 receptors are predominantly found in the brain and central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more common in peripheral organs, with the skin and the immune system. Enzymes such as FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase) and MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) are responsible for the breakdown of endocannabinoids. The ECS plays a fundamental role in skin homeostasis by regulating processes such as cell growth, differentiation and immune responses^15,16. CB2 receptors are especially abundant in keratinocytes, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands in the skin, underscoring their importance in maintaining skin health and managing inflammation. Dysfunctions within the ECS may contribute to dermatological conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis, where immune balance and cell proliferation are disrupted.

Table:1 The role of CBD receptors in skincare

Receptor	Location in Skin	Role in Skin Care
CB1 Receptors	Minimal expression in the skin; predominantly in the brain and CNS.	Indirectly supports skin health by reducing stress that exacerbates inflammatory conditions.
CB2 Receptors	High density in keratinocytes, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and immune cells.	Regulates inflammation, immune responses, and oxidative stress in the skin.
TRPV1 Receptors	Found in keratinocytes and sensory nerves.	Mediates pain and inflammatory responses in the skin.
5-HT1A Receptors	Expressed in skin cells and peripheral nervous system.	Modulates stress-related signals and improves mood.
PPAR-gamma	Present in sebaceous glands.	Regulates lipid production and anti-inflammatory responses.
GPR55 (Orphan Receptor)	Found in skin and immune cells.	Involved in inflammatory responses.

While CBD does not directly bind to CB1 or CB2 receptors, it influences ECS by enhancing receptor activity and supporting optimal levels of endocannabinoids. For example, CBD inhibits FAAH, increasing anandamide concentrations, which can help regulate inflammation and pain perception^17,18. Additionally, CBD’s interaction with the ECS provides valuable insights into its potential for managing skin disorders and supporting overall skin health. CBD also interacts with other receptors in the body, such as TRPV1 (associated with pain and inflammation) and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors (linked with mood and stress regulation)^19,20. Its influence on these pathways further highlights its versatility in addressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and skin health challenges. In skin care, CBD has gained popularity due to its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hydrating properties. These benefits make it a compelling option for managing conditions such as acne, eczema, and premature aging²¹. By reducing redness and inflammation, CBD is suitable for sensitive and acne-prone skin. Its antioxidant action combats free radicals, potentially mitigating visible signs of aging like wrinkles and fine lines. Additionally, CBD promotes hydration and helps restore the skin's natural barrier, making it effective for dry or irritated skin²². As interest in natural skincare ingredients grows, CBD continues to stand out as a versatile and promising addition to dermatological formulations. However, further research into its mechanisms and long-term effects is necessary to fully harness its therapeutic potential²³.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF CANNABIDIOL:

Anti-inflammatory effects of CBD's are largely associated with its interaction with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS), a sophisticated network that regulates numerous physiological functions, such as immune response, pain, and inflammation.

1. Interaction with Cannabinoid Receptors (CB1 and CB2):

CBD modulates inflammation by interacting indirectly with the receptors:

· CB2 Receptors: These are mainly present on immune cells which regulate inflammation. When CBD interacts with these receptors, it helps reduce the release TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 thus modulating immune response with reducing inflammation.

· CB1 Receptors: While primarily located in the brain, CB1 receptors also have some influence on peripheral tissues. CBD can reduce inflammation by modulating neurotransmitter release through CB1 receptor signaling, although its effect on CB2 is more pronounced for immune-related actions²⁴.

2. Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines:

CBD influences various pathways which reduce the construction of pro-inflammatory mediators:

· NF-κB Pathway: CBD prevents initiation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) mechanism responsible for production of inflammatory cytokines and immune cell recruitment. By inhibiting this pathway, CBD reduces the expression of genes that promote inflammation.

· COX Enzyme Inhibition: CBD inhibits enzyme COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), that responsible for generating pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. By inhibiting COX-2, CBD reduces inflammation like Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, but through altered pathway^25,26.

3. Activation of TRPV1 Receptors (Vanilloid Receptors):

CBD can activate TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1) receptors, which are responsible for pain and inflammation modulation:

· When activated by CBD, these receptors help mediate responses to noxious stimuli (like heat or physical irritation) and contribute to the attenuation of pain and inflammatory responses.

· This activation leads to a desensitization of pain signals and a reduction in inflammatory mediators, contributing to overall relief from inflammatory conditions^27,28.

4. Inhibition of FAAH Enzyme:

CBD indirectly boosts the body’s natural levels of endocannabinoids through inhibiting FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), which down anandamide known as one of the body’s natural cannabinoids:

· Anandamide has anti-inflammatory properties, and its levels increase when FAAH is inhibited by CBD. This leads to enhanced activation of CB2 receptors, further reducing inflammation^29,30.

5. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation:

CBD also reduces oxidative stress, which is closely linked to chronic inflammation:

· Antioxidant Action: By neutralizing free radicals, CBD helps lower oxidative stress, which in turn reduces inflammation. Free radicals and oxidative stress contribute to inflammatory diseases like psoriasis, dermatitis, and even acne. CBD's ability to act as an antioxidant helps minimize the tissue damage that can exacerbate inflammatory skin conditions³¹.

6. Interaction with Immune Cells:

CBD affects various immune cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and T-cells, reducing their migration to sites of inflammation:

· Macrophages: CBD inhibit release of inflammatory mediators by activated macrophages, which has vital role in immune system. This regulation aids in minimizing tissue damage associated with persistent inflammation.

· T-Cell Modulation: CBD also modulates T-cell function by reducing their proliferation and activation, thereby preventing excessive immune responses that lead to chronic inflammation^32,33.

7. Inhibition of Lipid Mediators:

CBD also inhibits the release of certain lipid mediators that contribute to inflammation:

· Arachidonic Acid Pathway: CBD inhibits the breakdown of arachidonic acid into pro-inflammatory metabolites like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This reduces the production of inflammatory signals within the skin, leading to less swelling and irritation.

CBD's anti-inflammatory mechanisms are multi-faceted involving cannabinoid receptor modulation, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of enzymes like COX-2 and FAAH, activation of TRPV1 receptors and reduction of oxidative stress. These activities make it a promising therapeutic agent for various inflammatory conditions especially in skincare where it can help manage conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis and general skin irritation^34,35.

Antioxidant properties of cannabidiol:

CBD (cannabidiol) has significant antioxidant properties, which play a vital role in safeguarding cells and tissues from oxidative stress—a factor linked to aging, chronic illnesses, and skin conditions. These antioxidant effects are accomplished through various mechanisms, such as directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating pathways linked to oxidative stress. The mechanisms behind CBD’s antioxidant properties:

1. Direct Scavenging of Free Radicals:

CBD functions as an antioxidant by directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ROS, including superoxide (O₂⁻) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•), along with RNS, such as nitric oxide (NO•), are highly reactive molecules capable of causing damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA.

· Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging: CBD has been shown to directly neutralize hydroxyl radicals, which are among the most damaging free radicals in biological systems. By donating electrons, CBD stabilizes these radicals, preventing them from causing cellular damage³⁶.

· Superoxide Neutralization: CBD has reported to prevent the formation of superoxide radicals, a key contributor to oxidative stress in cells, further enhancing its role as a powerful antioxidant³⁷.

2. Modulation of Cellular Antioxidant Enzymes:

CBD enhances the activity of endogenous antioxidant defense systems by upregulating the production and activity of several key antioxidant enzymes:

· Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): This process transforms superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a less reactive compound. CBD promotes the expression of SOD, boosting the cell's capacity to neutralize superoxide radicals.

· Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx): CBD boosts the activity of GPx, which converts hydrogen peroxide into water, further preventing oxidative damage. This is crucial because excessive hydrogen peroxide can form hydroxyl radicals, which are highly toxic to cells.

· Catalase: CBD promotes catalase activity, which convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, another key defense against oxidative stress^38,39.

3. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation:

Lipid peroxidation takes place when free radicals target the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cellular damage. This is especially important in the skin, where lipid peroxidation can disrupt the skin barrier, causing inflammation and aging.

· Membrane Protection: CBD helps inhibit lipid peroxidation by preventing free radicals from attacking the polyunsaturated fatty acids present in cell membranes which preserves integrity of the cell membrane and prevents oxidative damage, particularly in skin cells⁴⁰.

· Reduction in Malondialdehyde (MDA): MDA is result of lipid peroxidation. It is a biomarker for oxidative stress. CBD has been shown to reduce MDA levels, indicating a decrease in oxidative damage to lipids^40,41.

4. Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway:

CBD demonstrates its antioxidant properties by activating the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway, a key regulator of the body's cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. Nrf2 governs the expression of numerous antioxidant and cytoprotective genes.

· Nrf2 Activation: When activated by CBD, Nrf2 moves to cell nucleus and binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs), initiating the transcription that code for antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GPx, and catalase.

· Cytoprotective Gene Expression: In addition to antioxidant enzymes, Nrf2 activation by CBD leads to the increased expression of genes that produce cytoprotective proteins, further protecting cells from oxidative damage⁴².

5. Inhibition of Oxidative Enzymes:

CBD reduces oxidative stress by inhibiting enzymes that produce ROS as byproducts. For example:

· Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition: Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme that generates superoxide radicals during purine metabolism. CBD inhibits this enzyme, reducing the production of superoxide radicals, and thus lowering oxidative stress.

· NADPH Oxidase Inhibition: NADPH oxidase is another enzyme that generates ROS, particularly during immune responses. CBD inhibits NADPH oxidase activity, preventing excessive ROS production, especially in conditions involving chronic inflammation^43,44.

6. Reduction of Inflammatory Oxidative Stress:

CBD's anti-inflammatory effects are strongly connected to antioxidant properties, as persistent inflammation frequently results in elevated ROS levels.

· Decrease in Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 promote ROS generation by immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. By inhibiting the release of these cytokines, CBD indirectly reduces the oxidative stress caused by inflammation.

· Inhibition of COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is contributes to both inflammation and oxidative stress. CBD’s inhibition of COX-2 reduces the oxidative byproducts of the arachidonic acid pathway, thereby lowering oxidative damage³⁴.

7. Modulation of Mitochondrial Function:

Mitochondrion generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly during stress conditions. CBD has been found to enhance mitochondrial function and minimize the production of ROS within these organelles.

· Stabilization of Mitochondrial Membranes: CBD protects mitochondrial membranes from oxidative damage, ensuring proper energy production and reducing mitochondrial-induced oxidative stress.

· Mitochondrial ROS Reduction: CBD reduces the production of mitochondrial ROS by enhancing mitochondrial efficiency, thus preventing damage to cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids⁴⁵.

CBD’s antioxidant properties are multifaceted, involving direct scavenging of free radicals, upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses, inhibition of oxidative enzymes, and modulation of pathways that reduce oxidation. Through these CBD protect cells from oxidative damage, making it a promising compound in the prevention of aging, neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress-related skin conditions.

Moisturizing properties of cannabidiol:

CBD has powerful moisturizing properties hence used as skin care. Dry skin is a common concern often exacerbated by environmental factors like cold weather, excessive sun exposure, pollution and the natural aging process. Dryness weakens the skin barrier, increasing its vulnerability to irritation, inflammation, and the development of fine lines and wrinkles. CBD’s has ability to enhance skin hydration which makes it a valuable ingredient of various moisturizing products, from creams and serums to lotions and oils.

1. CBD Supports Skin Hydration:

CBD supports skin hydration through its interaction with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is crucial for maintaining skin balance and regulating moisture levels. The ECS helps manage sebaceous gland activity, influencing sebum production. Sebum plays an essential role in preserving the skin's natural moisture barrier and reducing water loss. By modulating the activity of sebocytes (the cells that produce sebum) CBD helps to regulate oil production, ensuring that the skin stays hydrated without becoming overly oily⁴⁶.

2. Strengthening the Skin Barrier:

The skin barrier composed of lipids (fats), acts as a protective layer which averts moisture loss and shields the skin from external irritants. When the barrier is compromised, the skin becomes dry, flaky and more susceptible to environmental damage. CBD supports the skin barrier by enhancing lipid production and promoting the balance of natural oils in the skin. By strengthening this protective layer, CBD helps retain moisture, ensuring skin remains hydrated, plump and soft⁴⁷.

3. Reducing Water Loss:

Trans-epidermal water loss denotes to the process by which water evaporates from the skin surface. Excessive Trans-epidermal water loss can lead to dehydration, leaving the skin feeling dry and tight. CBD improve the skin barrier activity by decreasing Trans-epidermal water loss. By preserving moisture content within skin, CBD helps to prevent dehydration and maintain long-lasting hydration. This is particularly beneficial in dry weathers or winter season when the skin is more prone to moisture loss⁴⁸.

4. Anti-Inflammatory Benefits for Dry Skin:

Dry skin is often accompanied by irritation and inflammation, which can lead to redness, itching, and discomfort. CBD is effective for soothing dry and aggravated skin due to anti-inflammatory effect⁴⁹. By reducing inflammation CBD can calm the skin and alleviate symptoms such as itching and redness which are commonly associated with conditions like eczema, psoriasis and dermatitis. This dual action of hydration and inflammation control makes CBD particularly beneficial for individuals with dry or sensitive skin^50,51.

5. Moisturizing for All Skin Types:

One of the most appealing aspects of CBD as a moisturizer is its suitability for all skin types. Unlike many other moisturizing ingredients CBD balances oil production, making it effective for both dry and oily skin ⁵². For individuals with dry skin CBD helps to replenish lost moisture and strengthen the skin barrier. For those with oily or combination skin CBD’s ability to regulate sebum production ensures that hydration is achieved without clogging pores or causing excess oiliness. This versatility makes CBD an ideal choice for people with varying skin needs^53,54.

CONCLUSION:

Exploring cannabidiol (CBD) in skin care, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, has shown significant potential to address several skin problems, like inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging. As a non-psychoactive compound from the Cannabis sativa plant, CBD interacts with the skin's endocannabinoid system (ECS) to regulate critical processes such as immune responses, sebum production, and cell renewal. Its powerful antioxidant properties help neutralize free radicals preventing cellular damage caused by environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation and pollution, while its anti-inflammatory effects soothe irritated skin and reduce chronic inflammation associated with skin disorders such as acne, eczema and psoriasis. CBD's multifaceted role in skincare makes it a promising natural alternative to synthetic ingredients, offering hydration, skin barrier protection, and overall improvement in skin health. Furthermore, its suitability for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin, increases its versatility as an ingredient in both therapeutic and cosmetic formulations. As interest in natural skin care solutions continues to grow, CBD is poised to become a key ingredient in the development of innovative and effective products aimed at improving the health and appearance of skin. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, CBD offers a holistic approach to skin care that supports both therapeutic and cosmetic goals.

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Received on 27.12.2024 Revised on 08.03.2025

Accepted on 18.04.2025 Published on 30.10.2025

Available online from November 08, 2025

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2025; 16(2):142-148.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5844.2025.00022

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